Dysuria

Etiology

Urinary Tract Infection
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Cchlamydia and gonorrhea,
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra, called urethritis, can result from infections, including bacterial or viral infections. This can cause painful urination.
Bladder Infections: Infections that affect the bladder (cystitis) can lead to dysuria. These are often caused by bacterial infections.
Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder Syndrome): This is a chronic condition characterized by bladder pain and urinary frequency. It can cause dysuria and discomfort.
Kidney Stones: When stones form in the kidneys and move into the urinary tract, they can cause severe pain and dysuria as they obstruct urine flow.
Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland can cause dysuria, along with other symptoms like pelvic pain and urinary urgency.
Radiation or Chemotherapy: Cancer treatments such as radiation therapy or certain chemotherapy drugs can irritate the bladder and cause painful urination.
Medications: Some medications can lead to dysuria as a side effect. For example, certain diuretics or drugs used for cancer treatment may cause urinary discomfort.
Foreign Bodies: Occasionally, foreign objects in the urinary tract can cause dysuria, especially if they irritate the urethra or bladder.
Allergic Reactions: Allergies to certain soaps, lotions, or other products that come into contact with the genital area can result in dysuria.
Injury or Trauma: Injury to the genital area or urinary tract can lead to painful urination.
Psychological Factors: Sometimes, stress, anxiety, or other psychological factors can lead to symptoms resembling dysuria.
Neurological Disorders: Conditions that affect the nerves controlling the bladder and urethra, such as multiple sclerosis, can cause dysuria.
Structural Abnormalities: Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities in the urinary tract can lead to dysuria.

[The etiology of dysuria in women includes acute cystitis, acute pyelonephritis, vaginitis (Candida, bacterial vaginosis, Trichomonas, herpes simplex), urethritis/cervicitis (Chlamydia, gonorrhea), and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.

Trigonitis may cause chronic irritative symptoms but its pathophysiology, diagnostic standards, and treatment recommendations need further study.

Uncommonly, dysuria can be the result of bladder calculi or bladder foreign body.

Pelvic floor myofascial pain caused dysuria in 10% of patients presenting to one urogynecology clinic.

Pelvic congestion syndrome (dilated and refluxing pelvic veins) may also cause dysuria and pelvic pain.

The odds of presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms is 5.03 higher in women with fibromyalgia.

Nucleic acid amplification tests from first-void urine or vaginal swab specimens are highly sensitive for detecting chlamydial infection in men and women. Other infectious pathogens associated with dysuria and urethritis in men include Mycoplasma genitalium and Enterobacteriaceae.]